Autism vs Retardation
Autism and mental retardation, also known as intellectual disability, are two distinct conditions that can sometimes overlap, making it challenging to differentiate between the two. However, they have unique characteristics that set them apart.
Autism, or Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by difficulties in social interaction, communication problems, and a restricted range of activities and interests. It is not defined as a specific disease, as it does not have a particular cause. However, genetics are important in recent years[1].
On the other hand, mental retardation, now more commonly referred to as intellectual disability, is characterised by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviour, which involves many everyday social and practical skills [2].
Over 75% of autistic children have mental retardation, especially in severe cases. These children often exhibit typical signs of autism, such as stereotyped movements, inappropriate language, obsessive behaviour with little mental flexibility, naivety, and little skill in social interaction [1].
In terms of adaptive functioning, individuals with autism tend to have more developed skills at younger ages (5-12 years) compared to those with mental retardation. However, as they grow up, these differences diminish, and by adulthood, individuals with mental retardation often exhibit more developed instrumental skills [3].
In conclusion, even though there can be overlap between autism and mental retardation, they are two separate conditions with unique characteristics. It's important to note that diagnosing either condition requires a comprehensive evaluation by a team of health professionals.
Causes of Autism
Genetics:
Genetic factors play a significant role in both conditions. In the case of autism, it's been reported that genetic background, epigenetic modification, and environmental risk factors all contribute to the development of ASD [4]. For intellectual disability, genetic factors were found in 23.8% of cases [5].
Environmental Factors:
Prenatal circumstances or other events also play a crucial role in the development of autism [4]. These may include exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as traffic-generated air pollution or pesticides, specific medications taken during pregnancy, and being born to older parents [6].
Other Factors that can Cause ASD:
Maternal risk factors such as diabetes, prenatal chemical exposure, and hormone imbalances during pregnancy can also increase the risk for ASD development in children [4].
Causes of Intellectual Disability:
In the case of intellectual disability, causes can include newborn trauma, infectious diseases, chromosomal abnormalities, metabolic disorders, and environmental toxins [7]. It's crucial to note that while there are many potential causes and risk factors, the exact mechanisms of these conditions are not yet fully understood, and further research is needed.
Characteristics
Characteristics of Autism
Autism is a complex and multifaceted disorder characterised by a range of symptoms and behaviours. One of the key characteristics of autism is a deficit in social interaction. This can manifest as difficulty understanding and responding to social cues, lack of interest in social activities, and challenges forming and maintaining relationships [8, 9].
Another defining feature of autism is impaired communication. This includes verbal and nonverbal communication. Some individuals have difficulty with speech and language, while others may struggle with nonverbal cues such as body language and facial expressions [10, 8].
Repetitive behaviours and restricted interests also characterise autism. Individuals with autism may perform repetitive movements, become fixated on specific topics or objects, and strongly prefer routines and patterns [8, 9].
In addition to these main characteristics, individuals with autism also exhibit atypical sensory responses, such as heightened sensitivity to certain sounds or textures, and some may even have unique skills or talents, often referred to as 'savant' abilities [11].
Characteristics of Mental Retardation
Mental retardation or Intellectual disability is characterised primarily by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviour. This includes conceptual skills, such as language and reading, and practical skills, such as self-care and social skills [12].
Children with intellectual disability may also exhibit some autistic features; these include deficits in social interaction and communication and repetitive behaviours. However, these features are not as prominent or consistent as they are in autism [12].
Is ADHD a Form of Retardation?
ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by symptoms such as inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It is not considered a form of Intellectual disability. However, it is essential to note that ADHD can co-occur with intellectual disability.
Studies have shown that ADHD is a common condition in children with intellectual disability, with prevalence rates ranging from 4% to 15% [13]. Symptoms of ADHD are found to be more common in children with learning disabilities than in the general population [14].
ADHD and intellectual disability are distinct diagnoses with different characteristics. ADHD primarily affects attention and behaviour, while intellectual disability involves limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviour.
It's also worth noting here that ADHD can affect learning. While it's not technically a learning disability, ADHD symptoms can make it harder for individuals to learn [15].
In conclusion, while ADHD and intellectual disability can co-occur and both can impact learning, they are distinct conditions. ADHD is not a form of intellectual disability or retardation.