What is Fibromyalgia?
Fibromyalgia is a long-term condition known for causing widespread pain throughout the body. It often comes with other challenges like extreme fatigue, trouble sleeping, and a range of other symptoms. It's surprisingly common, affecting around 10 million people in the United States alone. [1, 2]
What are its causes?
The exact cause of fibromyalgia is still a mystery, but research suggests several factors might play a role. One idea is that the brain reduces the pain threshold, making previously non-painful sensations feel intensely painful over time. [3]
Another theory points to the brain and nerves misinterpreting or overreacting to normal pain signals, leading to amplified or unnecessary pain. This could be linked to a chemical imbalance in the brain or an issue with the dorsal root ganglion, a group of neurons in the spine that helps process pain signals.[3]
Genetics might also be a factor in fibromyalgia. If someone in your family has the condition, your chances of developing it are higher. Researchers have identified certain gene mutations that could influence how pain signals are transmitted between nerve cells, potentially contributing to the condition.[4]
Fibromyalgia can also be triggered or worsened by various physical and emotional stressors, such as infections, trauma, or stress. Past illnesses like the flu, pneumonia, Epstein-Barr virus, or gastrointestinal infections have been linked to the onset or aggravation of fibromyalgia symptoms.[5]
Symptoms of fibromyalgia
Fibromyalgia is a complex condition with a variety of symptoms. One of the most prominent is widespread pain and stiffness throughout the body, often described as a persistent, dull ache lasting three months or longer.[6]
Fatigue is another hallmark symptom. Many people with fibromyalgia feel exhausted even after a full night’s sleep. Pain can frequently disrupt sleep, and it’s common for patients to also experience other sleep disorders like restless legs syndrome or sleep apnea.[5, 6]
Cognitive issues, often called "fibro fog," are another common symptom of fibromyalgia. This can make it harder to focus, concentrate, or stay attentive during mental tasks.
Emotional challenges like depression and anxiety are also frequent among those with fibromyalgia. These can significantly impact daily life and often require targeted treatment alongside managing physical symptoms.[1, 5, 6]
Headaches, including migraines, are also frequent in people with fibromyalgia. These can be intense and often need specialised treatment to control [1, 5, 6].
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is commonly linked to fibromyalgia, causing symptoms like abdominal pain, diarrhoea, or constipation [1, 6].
Another symptom many experience is numbness or tingling in the hands and feet, adding to the discomfort and complexity of the condition [1, 6].
Pain in the face or jaw, including conditions like temporomandibular joint syndrome (TMJ), is another common symptom of fibromyalgia [6].
Sleep issues are a major challenge for many people with the condition. Despite getting long hours of sleep, they often wake up feeling unrefreshed [5, 6].
Some people with fibromyalgia also experience heightened sensitivity to noise, light, or temperature changes, such as extreme heat or cold [1].
Can fibromyalgia cause death?
Fibromyalgia does not directly cause death. However, it's important to note that some studies have found an association between fibromyalgia and an increased risk of certain types of mortality.
One significant finding is the increased risk of suicide among individuals with fibromyalgia. Studies have shown that the risk of suicide is significantly higher in fibromyalgia patients compared to non-fibromyalgia patients. This could be due to the chronic pain, psychological distress, and sleep disturbances that are often associated with the condition.
Treatments for fibromyalgia
Treatment generally includes a combination of medications, lifestyle adjustments, and other therapies, all tailored to address each individual's unique symptoms and needs [6, 7, 8].
Pharmacological methods:Pharmacological treatments are crucial in managing fibromyalgia. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved three medications specifically for the condition: duloxetine, milnacipran, and pregabalin. These drugs help with pain modulation by altering neurotransmitter levels in the brain [9, 7, 10].
In addition, other medications such as over-the-counter pain relievers, antidepressants, skeletal muscle relaxants, anti-epileptic agents, and anaesthetics may also be used to help manage symptoms [8].
Non pharmacological methods: Non-pharmacological treatments are often considered the first line of defence in managing fibromyalgia. These include aerobic exercise, cognitive behavioural therapy, and patient education, all designed to help alleviate pain and other symptoms. In addition, emerging approaches such as digital health interventions, combined treatments, and noninvasive neuromodulation are being studied for their potential benefits [7].
Lifestyle changes are also crucial for managing fibromyalgia. This can involve prioritising adequate sleep, engaging in gentle physical activities, seeking mental health support, and finding a balance between staying active and allowing time for rest [11, 6].
Complementary therapies, including massage therapy, movement therapies, chiropractic care, and acupuncture, have been shown to provide relief for some individuals with fibromyalgia symptoms. These approaches can offer additional support alongside traditional treatments [6].