What is Progesterone?
Progesterone is a steroid hormone that plays a crucial role in various physiological processes. Traditionally linked with female fertility and pregnancy, it is involved in the menstrual cycle and implantation and is essential for pregnancy maintenance [1]. Progesterone is also recognized as a key physiological component of not only the menstrual cycle and pregnancy but also as an essential steroidogenic precursor of other gonadal and non-gonadal hormones such as aldosterone, cortisol, estradiol, and testosterone [2].
Uses of Progesterone
Progesterone has a wide range of applications in human medicine. As discussed, It is used in maintaining pregnancy, preventing preterm labor, treating various gynecological pathologies, and lowering the adverse effects of menopause [3]. It is also used in the treatment of patients undergoing assisted reproductive technology procedures as a luteal phase support [4].
Progesterone is also used to prevent spontaneous preterm birth, hormone replacement therapy, and other gynecological conditions[5]. It has been proposed and extensively used in the treatment of different gynecological pathologies, as well as in assisted reproductive technologies and in pregnancy maintenance [1].
In addition to its role in reproduction, Progesterone regulates several biologically distinct processes in other tissues, particularly in the nervous system and the vessels[6].
What is Estrogen?
Estrogen is one of the most influential female sex hormones, essential for reproduction [7]. It is produced mainly in the ovaries and other places such as fat tissue, adrenal glands, liver, and breasts [8]. There are several different kinds of estrogen, each playing a significant role at various stages of a woman's life. The most active type of estrogen is estradiol, which is crucial during the years when a woman is menstruating [8].
Uses of Estrogen
Estrogen has a wide range of uses due to its diverse effects on the body. It is the central component in 6 of the 100 most prescribed medications in the United States today [9].
One of the primary uses of estrogen is in the treatment of menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, night sweats, and vaginal dryness [10, 11]. It is also used to prevent osteoporosis, a condition in which the bones become thin and weak and break easily, in women who are experiencing or have experienced menopause [11].
Estrogen is also used to relieve symptoms of low estrogen in young women who do not produce enough estrogen naturally [11]. Some estrogen brands are also used to reduce symptoms of some types of breast and prostate cancer [11].
In addition to these uses, estrogen has been found to protect against obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease [10, 9]. It also plays a vital role in managing the reproductive system, protecting bones, and helping skin heal from bruises and injuries [12].
Can you take Progesterone without estrogen?
Yes, it is possible to take Progesterone without estrogen. This is often done in specific scenarios, such as menopause treatment, birth control, and gender-affirming care.
However, during menopause, taking estrogen without Progesterone can increase endometrial cancer risk. Progesterone helps by thinning the uterus lining, reducing the dangers of cell overgrowth and cancer. However, if you've had a hysterectomy, it's safest to take estrogen alone [13].
It's important to note that taking Progesterone without estrogen can have side effects and risks, and it's crucial to discuss these with your healthcare provider before starting any new medication regimen.
Progesterone vs Estrogen: Side Effects
Oestrogen and Progesterone are key hormones that play vital roles in the body.However, like all medications, they can have side effects.
Progesterone side effects
Progesterone-only pills can lead to unscheduled or irregular menstrual bleeding, acne flare-ups, and an increased risk of follicular ovarian cysts [13]. Other potential side effects of Progesterone include tiredness, headache, abdominal pain or nausea, fluid retention or weight gain, breast tenderness, and vaginal bleeding [14].
Estrogen side effects
Common side effects of estradiol and Premarin, two forms of estrogen, include:
- abdominal pain,
- breast changes and pain,
- back pain, depression or mood changes,
- dizziness,
- dry mouth,
- headaches,
- high blood pressure,
- increased heart rate,
- insomnia,
- stomach upset,
- and vaginal discharge [14].
Estrogen and progestin vaginal ring contraceptives can cause side effects such as swelling, redness, irritation, burning, itching, or infection of the vagina, white or yellow vaginal discharge, vaginal bleeding or spotting when it is not time for your period, unusual breast tenderness, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weight gain or loss, breast pain, tenderness, or discomfort, vaginal discomfort or foreign body sensation, stomach pain, acne, and changes in sexual desire [15].
It is essential to consult your doctor before starting any medication as they can help formulate a plan suitable for your personal needs. Contact your healthcare provider immediately if you experience any of the above-mentioned side effects.